![]() This mechanism would explain the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance exercise, anaerobic-based exercise and strength/power exercise, and sports with an intermittent nature. With this theory, the blockage of adenosine receptors with caffeine would affect the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, among other neurotransmitters, reducing pain and perceived exertion during exercise, and delaying fatigue. However, there is a consensus establishing the ability of caffeine to act as an adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptor antagonist as the main mechanism to explain caffeine ergogenicity during locomotor activities. ![]() ![]() The benefits of caffeine in sport can also be obtained by psychobiological responses, mainly displayed as an increase in physical performance when the individual believes that they have received an ergogenic dose of caffeine, a phenomenon known as the placebo effect of caffeine. Caffeine’s ergogenicity is obtained in humans through several physiological mechanisms including increased central nervous system drive, increased catecholamine release, and enhanced skeletal muscle contractile capacity. More evidence is needed to establish the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance running in women or the best dose to maximize the ergogenic benefits of caffeine supplementation.Ĭaffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most widely consumed performance-enhancing substances in sport due to its well-established ergogenic effects in a myriad of exercise situations. Hence, caffeine may have utility as an ergogenic aid for endurance running events. In summary, caffeine intake showed a meaningful ergogenic effect in increasing the time to exhaustion in running trials and improving performance in running time trials. The meta-analysis also showed that the time to complete endurance running time trials was reduced with caffeine in comparison to placebo ( g = −0.101 95% CI = −0.190 to −0.012, p = 0.026, magnitude = small). Subgroup analysis revealed that caffeine was ergogenic for time to exhaustion trials in both recreational runners ( g = 0.469 95% CI = 0.185 to 0.754 p = 0.001, magnitude = medium) and trained runners ( g = 0.344 95% CI = 0.122 to 0.566 p = 0.002, magnitude = medium). The meta-analysis revealed that the time to exhaustion in running tests was improved with caffeine ( g = 0.392 95% CI = 0.214 to 0.571 p < 0.001, magnitude = medium). The overall methodological quality of studies was rated as unclear-to-low risk of bias. A total of 21 studies were included in the systematic review, with a total sample of 254 participants (220 men, 19 women and 15 participants with no information about gender 167 were categorized as recreational and 87 were categorized as trained runners.). Results: A total of 21 randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis, with caffeine doses ranging between 3 and 9 mg/kg. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) estimated by Hedges’ g and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed the methodological quality of each study using Cochrane’s risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. ![]() The effect of caffeine on endurance running was measured by time to exhaustion or time trials. The selected studies were crossover experimental trials in which the ingestion of caffeine was compared to a placebo situation in a single- or double-blind randomized manner. A systematic review of published studies was performed in four different scientific databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and SportDiscus) up until 5 October 2022 (with no year restriction applied to the search strategy). The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature on the effects of caffeine intake on endurance running performance. However, most of this evidence was established with cycling trials in the laboratory, while the effects of the acute intake of caffeine on endurance running performance have not been properly reviewed and meta-analyzed. The use of caffeine is more common in aerobic-based sports due to the ample evidence endorsing the benefits of caffeine supplementation on endurance exercise. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most widely consumed performance-enhancing substances in sport due to its well-established ergogenic effects.
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